MAPEH REVIEWER 3RD QUARTER  Characteristics of Traditional Music from India

1. Carnatic Music
MUSIC  Music from South India
 Directed to a Hindu god
INDIA
 “temple music”
 Largest country in South Asia  It is unified
 Music is vast as its geographical location and its demographic  Schools are based on the same ragas, the same solo
population instruments such as
 Their music has aspects of Asian culture - Veena
 Melismatic Singing - Flute
o An aspect of vocal music, with the use of nasal vocal - Violin
quality  The same rhythm instruments such as:
o In the Philippines, this is used in chanting epics and the - Mridangam
pasyon - Ghatam
 Samagana  Mainly set for the voice with lyrics
o Style of singing which developed into a strong and diverse  Compositions called krti are devotional songs
tradition, becoming an established part of a tradition in 2. Hindustani Music
India  Music from North India
o Saman means melody  Goes back to Vedic period times
o Veda means knowledge  Has Persian influences
 Vedas  Found in the Northern and Central regions
o Sacred texts of Hinduism  Nasal singing is observed in their vocal music
 Sama Veda  Khyal – most common style of singing in North India
o A sacred text which means imagination
o Sung as samagana, not chanted  Instrumental Music in India
o Third of the four Vedas of Hinduism o Hindustani Sangeet
o Ranks next to Rig Veda (RigVeda) in terms of sanctity and  Instruments used in North Indian music
liturgical importance o Carnatic Sangeet
 Rig Veda  Instruments used in South Indian music
o Also sung in the samagana style  Classification of Musical Instruments from India
o Counted as first of the Vedas because of its liturgical o Ghan
importance  Non-membranous percussive instrument with solid
o Ancient Indian sacred collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns resonators
o Some verses are still recited as Hindu prayers  Oldest class of instrument
 May be a melodic instrument to keep tal
  The instruments are:  The instruments are:
- Ghatam - Banam
- Karta - Esraj
- Manjira - Chikara
- Nout - Sarangi
o Avanaddh  Tala
 Membranous percussive instrument o Means “clap”
 Comprises the drums o Variously transliterated as “tal”, “taal”, or “taala”
 The instruments are: o Regular, repeating rhythmic phase
- Daf (Duf, Daphu) o Rendered on a percussive instrument
- Dhol o Indian system of rhythm
- Tabla  Theka
o Sushir o A sequence of drum-syllables of rhythm or “bol”
 Also known as blown-air o An Indian classical music
 Uses air to excite the resonators o Both Carnatic and Hindustani music use this
 The instruments are:  Tabla
- Shankh o Most common instrument for keeping rhythm in
- Bansuri Hindustani music
- Surpeti  Mridangam
- Shehnai o Most common instrument for keeping rhythm in Carnatic
o Tat music
 Referred to as vina during old civilization o “Mridang”
 These are plucked / stringed instruments
 The instruments are: PAKISTAN
- Sitar
 Known for its unique vocals
- Gotuvadyam
 Two Vocal Styles in Music
- Ektar
1. Ghazal
- Gopichand
o Traditional expressions of love, separation and loneliness
- Rabab
o It is more strict
o Vitat
o One of the principal poetic forms in Persian civilization
 Described as bowed stringed instruments
o Can be sung by both men and women
 One of the oldest classifications of instruments
 Occupied a place in classical Indian music until the
last few centuries
 2. Qawwali o Life passage events
o It is the devotional music of the Christi order  Weddings
o A vibrant musical tradition  Bar mitzvahs
o It is originally performed mainly at Sufi shrines  Bat mitzvahs
 Instrumental Music of Pakistan  Anniversaries
o Punjabi o Entertainment
 Strengthens the importance of instruments in  Belly dancing
Pakistan  Folk dancing
o Punjab  Vocal Music of Israel
 Region in South Asia, divided into: 1. Devotional
- West Punjab, Pakistan o Almost entirely vocal
- East Punjab, India o Featured during Sabbath and other holy days
o Bhangra o Hazan – leader of prayer
 One of the most recognized forms of Punjab, based o Shofar – special call to prayer and repentance
on the drum “dhol” 2. Secular
o The instruments are: o Instruments and voice are used
 Tabla o Played during life passages events
 Dholak o Context lies outside the religious domain
 Harmonium o Very rhythmic and have popular / romantic texts
 Rubab  Instrumental Music of Israel
o Lute
WEST ASIA – ISRAEL
 Similar to the Philippines’ bandurria
 Their music is modal o Hora
 Harmony is not emphasized, but salient features are used.  A dance that uses accompaniment
 The music is commonly used during:  Has strong off beats and asymmetric meters
o Communal Worships o Israel Instruments
 Mosque  Jewish Lyre
 Synagogue  Psalterion
 Church  Shofar
o Mystic Rituals o Arab Instruments
 Sufis  Goblet
 Hassidic  Toft
o Middle Eastern Instruments
 Oud
 Darbuk
TERMS TO REMEMBER o Classical Period
 Shiva
 Bar Mitzvah -
The destroyer
o Jewish ceremony for a 13-year old boy -
The cosmic-dancer
 Bat Mitzvah -
One hand holds fire (which he
o Jewish ceremony for a 12-year old boy destroys),
 Chautal - one hand holds a drum (heard when
o Means “four claps” the world was created)
 Guttural - One hand points up
o Grating speech sounds made in the throat - One hand points to the dwarf, which
 Hassidic he dances to
o Jewish devotional tradition o Islamic Ascendancy / Transitional Period
 High Holidays  Where Mahabharata and Ramayana emerged this
o Holiest days of the year in Judaism period
 Hinduism  Evolution from Vedism to Hinduism
o Predominant religion of India o Mogul Period
 Matra  Period where Taj Majal was built.
o Beat in Indian music  It was built by Shah Jahan, in memory of his wife
 Pasyon  Diwali
o Sung during Holy Week in the Philippines o Celebrated by Hindus in India around October or
 Raga November
o Acoustic method of coloring the mind o It is a 3-day or a 5-day holiday
 Sabbath o Very exciting and a colorful holiday
o Jewish holiday for rest o Lakshmi – Hindu goddess of wealth
 Sangeet o Diyas – every household burns this special Diwali clay lamp
o Music Hindu scriptures  Rangoli
o One of the most beautiful and most pleasing art forms of
ARTS India
o Art of making designs on walls / floors using white powder
INDIA
along with diff. colors
 Periods of Indian Art o Rang means color
o Ancient Period o Aavalli means row of colors
 This period is where the Ajanta Caves of o They are based on nature, such as:
Maharashtra, India are found  Mangoes
 Ajanta Caves of Maharashtra, India:  Creepers
- 30 rock-cut cave monuments  Flowers
 Peacocks
PAKISTAN TAJIKISTAN

 Has four recognized periods  They have been making:

o Pre-Islamic o Fabrics
o Islamic o Utensils
o Colonial o Musical instruments
o Post-Colonial o Carpets
 Buildings build in the Pre-Islamic Period o Furnitures
o Mohenjo Daro o Jewelries
o Harappa  Carving
o Kot Diji o Very important to local residents
 Truck Art of Pakistan o Mostly present in:
o These are brightly colored flamboyant trucks painted with  architectural monuments
flowers, trees, city streets etc.  household structures
 objects
UZBEKISTAN  musical instruments
 Known for making printed cloth:  souvenirs
o Printed tablecloth o When Islam came, they changed to Arabian (using image of
o Printed curtains people / animals)
o Printed bedspreads o Vegetative
o Printed shawls  Most carvers prefer this geometrical pattern
 These are mostly flowers, tulips, lotus, etc.
 Their ceramics hold a prominent place among the applied arts.
 These are always decorated using nomadic patterns / designs TURKMENISTAN
o Clothing
o Utility tools  They produce the most unique and beautiful carpets in the world
o Yurts  These carpets vary in shape and purpose
o Horses’ saddles  Carpet Weaving
o An ancient art
KAZAKHSTAN o Each tribe develop its own pattern
 Their visual arts are relatively young  Their carpets are woven out of wool, cotton, and silk by women
 Petroglyphs can be found throughout the country  Keteni – a homespun silk that is used for the dresses worn by
 Their fine art varies in: Turkmen women
o Style KYRGYZTAN
o Direction
o Genre  They produce a wide range of textiles
 Their captivating works are in museums around the country  These textiles are mostly the felt from their sheep
 Shirdaks – hand-made carpets or rugs
  Tush kyiz – embroided wall hangings made by elder women, given CHESS
to a married son / daughter
 Game that has been played for centuries
 xxx – flat cushions that are made in shadow-pairs
 It is originated in India in the 15th century
PHYSICAL EDUCATION  Kings and Members of the upper class were only the ones to play
this game
SCRABBLE  Staunton
 Bingo o He designed the modern chess piece
o Word played using the seven tiles, earning 50 points o He was an English master in the mid-1800’s
 Blocking  London tourney
o Stops the opponent from making a potentially large score o First international chess tournament
 Challenge o 1851
o An opponent calls “challenge!” when s/he thinks a play is o Adolf Aderssen
 He won the game
not acceptable
o A word judge is called  “Unofficial best chess player” because he did not
receive any award / title
 Count Tiles
 He was a German
o Players count tiles before the game, making sure that there
 Paul Morphy
are 100 tiles
o Players count tiles after the game, to know how many tiles o First great American-born chess player
remain o He traveled to Europe to compete
 Double-Double  Steinitz
o When it covers two Double-Word Squares o He was a Bohemian (Czechoslovakian)
o He won the first official championship chess tournament in
 End-Game
1866 which was held at London.
o When there are less than seven tiles left
o He held the title up until 1894
 Hook Letter / Hook
 Russia has been the one recently topping the chess games, with
o A letter that will spell a new word
names such as:
 Pass
o Tal
o A player may pass his or her turn by not exchanging tiles
o Alekhine
 Scrabble
o Petrosian
o Which two to four players score points marked with a 15 by
o Spassky
15 grid
o Smyslov
 Tiles
o Anatoli Karpov
o Game equipment consisting flat thin piece marked with
o Gary Kasparov
characters
 The Chess Pieces:  Benefits from playing Chess
o King o Increases mathematical / scientific skills of the student
 Most important; yet the weakest chess piece o Enhances problem solving skills, concentration ability, and
 Only moves one square in any direction logical thinking ability
o Queen o Develops self-confidence / self-worth of a student
 Most powerful piece o Improves communication skills
 Moves in all the directions except in the L-shape o Gives a lesson on hard work / commitment
o Rook o Provides entertainment / relaxation
 Moves to any square as far as it wants but only o Considered as a form of recreational therapy
forward, backward and to the sides o Keeps the mind healthy
o Bishop o Strengthens family relationships
 May move as far as it wants, but only diagonally
DOMINOES
o Knight
 It moves just by doing the “L-shape”  Collective gaming pieces making up a domino set
o Pawn  It mimics family situation wherein the pieces are interconnected,
 Moves forward, but captures diagonally and it needs to match together
 Terms to Remember:  Any rectangle formed from joining two congruent squares edge to
o Castling edge
 A move of the king and the rook of the same color  It is derived from the Latin “dominus” which means master of the
o Check house
 Result of a move that places the opposing king  Domine for Scottish
under an immediate threat  Dominie for English (mean schoolmaster)
o Checkmate  “Domino” in France means black and white hood worn by Christian
 One player’s king is threatened with capture priests in winter
o Chess
 Very popular in the countries like Italy, France, Britain in the 18th
 Board game for two players, each beginning with 16 century
pieces
 They are also called as bones, because the earliest domino tiles are
o Draw
made from animal bones / ivory
 Chess game where nobody ends as a winner
 Has many names, such as:
o En Passant
o Tiles
 A special pawn capture
o Stones
o Promotion
o Men
 Ability of a pawn wherein it reaches the last row of
o Tickets
the other side of the board
o Spinners
  Pips  Types of Pathogens
o Spots in a domino tile o Bacteria
o It commonly means “spot” or “speck”  One-celled microscopic organisms
 Tile games have been found in China  Ranks among the most widespread of living things
 Keung T’ai Kung – created the tiles games  Saprophytes – they digest non-living food (milk and
 Chu Sz Yam – he said that domino was invented by a statesman meat)
 Domino Set – usually called as “packs” / “decks”  Parasite – if it is a living plant / animal
 The traditional Sino-European domino set consists of 28 dominoes  Host – the plant / animal that the parasite feeds on
 Toxin Bacteria (1st Type of Bacteria)
Domino Set Number of Tiles Number of Dots - Produces food poison like botulism
Double Six (6-6) 28 168 - They live in the soil
Double Nine (9-9) 55 495 - Can cause tetanus, lockjaw or pneumonia
Double Twelve (12-12) 91 1092  Resident Bacteria (2nd Type of Bacteria)
Double Fifteen (15-15) 136 2040 - Live in the human mouth, intestines and
 Terms to Remember: skin
o Bar - Protects us from harmful bacteria
 The middle line dividing the two squares of a tile - Cause infections when they move to
o Blocked game another resident
 occurs when neither player has tiles that they can’t - Lactobacilli: produces lactic acid and is
play found in gastro-intestinal tract
o Bones - Coliform bacilli: found in the intestines,
 Also known as the domino tiles breaks down carbohydrates
o Bone Yard o Rickettsiae
 Stock of domino pieces  Organisms that are intermediate
o Dots  Between a virus and a bacterium
 Spots of a bone  Grow in intestinal tracts of insects
o Draw game  Requires living cells in order to grow
 A player has no playable piece and is forced to  Lice, mites and ticks carry rickettsiae to humans
draw from the stock o Viruses
 Small, simple life-like forms from one-half to 100
HEALTH
the size of a bacteria
 Pathogens  Human body’s worst enemies
o Tiny microorganisms that cause the most common diseases  All are parasites
o Infect / invade the body
o Attack its cells and tissues
  Types of Viruses and What it attacks  They cause:
- Rabies Virus – attacks the brain cells - Malaria
- Polo virus – attacks the nervous system - African sleeping sickness
- Cold virus – enters the respiratory system - Amoebic dysentery
- Viral hepatitis – affects the liver - Severe intestinal infection
- Mumps and mononucleosis – infect the o Parasitic Worms
glandular tissues  A worm is classified as a parasite
- Smallpox, chicken pox, shingles and warts  Disease-causing organism
– attack the skin tissues  Lives in humans or other animals
 When a virus enters a body, it attaches to a cell and  Derives its nourishment form its host
releases its nucleic acid.  Examples
o Fungi - Lice – live on humans
 Simple organisms that can’t make their own food - Bacteria and viruses – live in humans or
 These are therefore saprophytes animals
 They live on dead animals, insects, and leaves - Parasitic worms – live on humans
 They prefer dark and damp environments  Parasitic worms are also called as helminths
 Most common fungi:  These eggs enter a body through the mouth, nose
- Mushroom or anus
- Yeast  Once inside the body, they lodge in the intestines,
 Disease-producing fungi invades: hatch, grow and multiply.
- Deep tissues of hair  The common helminths and the problems that they
- Nails cause are on the next bullets.
- Skin  Roundworms:
 They cause infections such on the: - Hatches / lives on the intestines
- Scalp – ring worm - Enters a body through any contaminated
- Feet – athlete’s foot substance
 Pathogenic Fungi - Without treatment, it can cause anemia
- Causes brain inflammation and lung and malnutrition
infections  Pinworms
o Protozoa - a.k.a. seat worms / threadworms
 Single-celled organisms that are larger than - Trichina Spiralis: causes trichinosis
bacteria - Hatches / lives on the intestines
 Have a more complex cellular structure - Enters a body through any contaminated
 Most of these are harmless substance
 They are common in tropical areas
 Has poor sanitation
  Tapeworms  Contact Transmission (DIRECT)
- Live on the intestines o Kissing
- Enters the body through raw / uncooked o Handshaking with a sick person
beef o Sleeping with someone that has lice
 Flukes o DISEASES:
- Live on different locations of the body  Hand, foot mouth disease
- Matures inside freshwater snail  Acute conjunctivitis
- Causes schistosomiasis (bilharziasis)  Scabies
 Chain of Infection  Head lice infestation
1. Pathogen  Chickenpox
o An organism with the ability to case diseases o PREVENTIVE MEASURES
2. Reservoir  Isolation from the sick
o A place where microorganisms can thrive / reproduce  No human contact
3. Portal of Exit  Keep hands clean
o A way for microorganisms to leave the reservoir  Don’t share personal items
4. Mode of Transmission  Wear cloves when in contact
o A method where the organism moves from one host to  Clean the items used by patients
another  Food-borne / water-borne (DIRECT)
5. Portal of Entry o DISEASES
o An opening, allowing the microorganism to enter the host  Viral gastroenteritis
6. Susceptible Host  Cholera
o A person who can’t resist a microorganism invading his/her  Bacillary dysentery
body  Hepatitis A and E
 Mode of Transmission, diseases and the preventive measures o PREVENTIVE MEASURES
o There are two types of the Mode of Transmission:  All foods are cooked
 Direct  Perform hand hygiene
 Indirect  Handle vomitus properly
 DIRECT  Sick food-handlers should refrain from work
1. Contact Transmission  Vector-borne transmission (DIRECT)
2. Food-borne / water-borne transmission o Mosquito bites
3. Vector-borne o Insect bites
 INDIRECT o DISEASES
1. Droplet Transmission  Dengue fever
2. Air-borne Transmission  Malaria
 Japanese encephalitis
 o PREVENTIVE MEASURES
 Maintain environmental hygiene o Prodromal stage
 Take protection from mosquitos  Second stage of infection
 Droplet Transmission (INDIRECT)  Starts on the onset of non-specific signs, such as
o Coughing fever
o Sneezing o Illness stage
o DISEASES  It is the third stage of infection
 Influenza  When more specific signs / symptoms appear
 Common cold o Convalescence stage
 Pneumonia infection  Last stage of infection
o PREVENTIVE MEASURES  An interval when acute symptoms of infection
 Good indoor ventilation disappear
 Keep both hands clean  Diseases and its preventions
 Cover mouth when sneezing / coughing o Ringworm of the body (Tinea corporis)
 Wear surgical masks when in close contacts with  Causes a very itchy rash that makes a ring pattern
sick people  Preventions
 Keep distance from a sick person - Keep skin clean / dry
 Seek medical advice if unwell - Change socks / underwear once a day
 Isolation from the sick - Wear loose-fitting clothes
 Use protective equipment - Avoid tight underwear, pants, pantyhose
 Air-borne Transmission (INDIRECT) - Dry yourself after showers
o DISEASES - Use hair dryer
 Pulmonary - Don’t share your own clothing
 Tuberculosis - Wear slippers / sandals in locker rooms
 Measles - Shower and shampoo hair thoroughly
 Chickenpox o Acne
o PREVENTIVE MEASURES  Common skin problem that causes stress /
 Good indoor ventilation embarrassment
 Seek medical advice if unwell  Preventions
 Anyone with air-borne diseases should not enter - Wash face daily
school - Wash acne-prone areas twice a day
 Stages of Infection - Avoid heavy make-up
o Incubation - Remove make-up before sleeping
 It is the first stage of infection - Wear loose-fitting clothes
 Starts from the entry of the pathogen until the - Shower after exercising
appearance of the first sign - Keep your hands / hair away from face
- Don’t squeeze them and reduce stress
 o Athlete’s Foot
 Caused by a fungus that grows on the top layer of
the skin
 Preventions:
- Wear flip-flops
- Use anti-fungal sprays
- Dry the feet in-between toes
- Avoid tight closed footwear
- Change socks daily
- Use clean towels
o Warts
 Verruca vulgaris
 Most common of dermatological complaints
 Slightly contagious
 Caused by papilloma virus (HPV)
 Prevention
- Avoid direct contact with warts
- Keep feet clean and dry
- Change socks and shoes daily
- Don’t go barefoot in public
- Wear sandals in public pools
- Don’t prick at warts
- Don’t use the same nail clipper on your
warts
- Wash your hands after touching your warts
o Jock Itch
 Characterized by an itchy, red rash on the genital,
inner thighs and buttocks
 Occurs in warm, moist areas of the body
 Prevention
- Wash the infected areas daily
- Change underwear daily

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